See Costello, R. Pain , 30 , — Type P: This appears to be the most pathological of the four types. Most of the scales will be significantly elevated. Type P patients are usually the least educated and most often unemployed.
They have the lowest monthly income compared to the other types. Type P patients make extreme claims about physical, psychological, and social distress. Type A does not have any significant demographic correlates. Type I patients seem to have chronic medical histories i. Type I patients may not improve physically with treatment, but they appear to experience some degree of psychological benefit. Type N: This type has normal-range profiles. The only exception may be an elevated K.
Type N patients tend to be more moderate in their health claims. Also, Type N patients tend to be employed, better educated, and more responsive to treatment than other types. Pearson cannot offer legal advice and we recommend that you seek the opinion of competent employment counsel to ensure that the most appropriate advice can be provided for your individual circumstances.
The MMPI-2 instrument appears to be classified as a medical examination under the ADA, and hence must be administered subsequent to a conditional offer of employment being tendered by an employer. Under the CRA it is inappropriate to use either race or sex norms when utilizing tests in the employment domain. If you believe you have unused administrations for this report and would like to exchange them for the MMPI-2 Extended Score Report product code , you will need to return your report counter to Pearson.
Call to arrange for a return and exchange. In addition, you will not be able to order any usages for this report. You can print an Extended Score Report from the converted data, but this will require a usage. Complete instructions for hand-scoring these scales are listed on the recording grid. What is the difference between the Depression scale in the Clinical Scales and the Depression scale in the Content Scales?
The Depression scale in the Clinical Scales is a heterogeneous measure of depression it measures more than one facet of depression. This scale was developed on psychiatric patients with various forms of symptomatic depression.
The Depression scale in the Clinical Scales measures discomfort and dissatisfaction with life, characterized by poor morale, lack of hope in the future, denial of happiness and self-worth, withdrawal, psychomotor retardation, and other facets of symptomatic depression. The Depression scale in the Content Scales measures only one facet of depression, self-reported depressive thoughts. The MAC-R scale has 49 items. The newer Addiction Potential Scale has 39 items.
Many of the items on the two scales are different. MacAndrew developed the MAC-R scale by comparing men in treatment for alcoholism with male psychiatric patients whose primary problem was not alcoholism. However, the MAC-R does not contain content obviously related to alcohol use. High scores are associated with, among other things, social extraverted, risk taking, and aggressive tendencies. The Addiction Potential Scale items concern personality characteristics and life situations more generally associated with substance abuse.
Its heterogeneous item content suggests extraverted and risk-taking characteristics as well as self-doubt and cynical attitudes. Harkness and McNulty developed a model for assessing psychopathology based on the "Big Five" model of personality. The PS scale is no longer offered. They each measure a major distinctive component of one of the Clinical Scales.
Research has established that in comparison with the Clinical Scales, the RC Scales have comparable to improved convergent validity and substantially improved discriminant validity. If a Clinical Scale is elevated and its RC Scale counterpart is not, the correlates associated with the former should not be emphasized in the interpretation unless indicated by other MMPI-2 scale scores.
If an RC Scale is elevated and its Clinical Scale counterpart is not, the correlates associated with the RC Scale should be incorporated in the interpretation. This document also includes detailed appendixes specifying the item composition of the scales and raw-to-uniform T-score conversion tables.
Available from Pearson, Product Numerous publications on the RC Scales have appeared in the journal and book literature, including the text by Yossef S.
He then identified major distinctive and maximally demoralization-free components of the ten scales and constructed a set of new scales measuring these components for eight of the scales not for Scales 5 and 0. Do the RC scales contain the same items as the Clinical Scales? Which items were dropped, were there new items included? No, they do not. As expected, the RC Scales are considerably less strongly intercorrelated considerably more distinctive than are the Clinical Scales.
The RC Scales were designed to assess psychopathology. Scale 5 does not assess a currently recognized clinical disorder, and Scale 0 measures a normal—range personality trait. However, the RC Scales were developed to address more directly than previously the interpretive challenges that led to the development of the code-type interpretation approach. As such, it can serve as the starting point for the RC Scale interpretation process. It was constructed by extracting to the extent possible from the Clinical Scales the general distress component present in all the Clinical Scales as well as in most other MMPI-2 scales.
Yes, with the same precautions one should observe for employing any recommended cut-offs, namely that they be considered guidelines identifying points at which the interpretive focus should shift, rather than as fixed points demarcating qualitative change. The RC Scales are not K-corrected.
Research indicates that the K correction either does not affect the validity of the Clinical Scales in clinical settings or significantly attenuates the validity of the scales. A K correction is not applied to the RC Scales. The use of psychological tests to identify malingered symptoms of mental disorder. Google Scholar Crossref. Search ADS. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals. Issue Section:. Download all slides. View Metrics. Email alerts Article activity alert.
Advance article alerts. New issue alert. Subject alert. Receive exclusive offers and updates from Oxford Academic. More on this topic A prospective study of pre-employment psychological testing amongst police recruits. High scorers tend to be more rebellious, while low scorers are more accepting of authority. Despite the name of this scale, high scorers are usually diagnosed with a personality disorder rather than a psychotic disorder.
This scale was designed by the original authors to identify what they referred to as "homosexual tendencies," for which it was largely ineffective. Today, it is used to assess how much or how little a person identifies how rigidly an individual identifies with stereotypical male and female gender roles.
This scale was originally developed to identify individuals with paranoid symptoms such as suspiciousness, feelings of persecution, grandiose self-concepts, excessive sensitivity, and rigid attitudes. Those who score high on this scale tend to have paranoid or psychotic symptoms.
This diagnostic label is no longer used today and the symptoms described on this scale are more reflective of anxiety, depression, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. This scale was originally used to measure excessive doubts, compulsions, obsessions, and unreasonable fears. This scale was originally developed to identify individuals with schizophrenia.
It reflects a wide variety of areas including bizarre thought processes and peculiar perceptions, social alienation, poor familial relationships, difficulties in concentration and impulse control, lack of deep interests, disturbing questions of self-worth and self-identity, and sexual difficulties.
The scale can also show potential substance abuse, emotional or social alienation, eccentricities, and a limited interest in other people. This scale was developed to identify characteristics of hypomania such as elevated mood, hallucinations, delusions of grandeur, accelerated speech and motor activity, irritability, flight of ideas , and brief periods of depression.
This scale was developed later than the other nine scales. All of the MMPI tests use validity scales of varying sorts to help assess the accuracy of each individual's answers. Since these tests can be used for circumstances like employment screenings and custody hearings, test takers may not be completely honest in their answers.
Validity scales can show how accurate the test is, as well as to what degree answers may have been distorted. The MMPI-2 uses the following scales. Also referred to as the lie scale, this "uncommon virtues" validity scale was developed to detect attempts by individuals to present themselves in a favorable light. People who score high on this scale deliberately try to present themselves in the most positive way possible, rejecting shortcomings or unfavorable characteristics.
This scale is used to detect attempts at overreporting. Essentially, people who score high on this scale are trying to appear worse than they really are, they may be in severe psychological distress, or they may be just randomly answering questions without paying attention to what the questions say.
This scale asks questions designed to determine if test-takers are contradicting themselves in their responses. Sometimes referred to as the "defensiveness scale," this scale is a more effective and less obvious way of detecting attempts to present oneself in the best possible way by underreporting. People may underreport because they're worried about being judged or they may be minimizing their problems or denying that they have any problems at all. Also known as the "cannot say" scale, this validity scale assesses the number of items left unanswered.
The MMPI manual recommends that any test with 30 or more unanswered questions should be declared invalid. The True Response Inconsistency TRIN scale was developed to detect people who use fixed responding, a method of taking the test without regard to the question, such as marking ten questions "true," the next ten as "false," and so on.
Fixed responding could be used due to not being able to read or comprehend the test material well or being defiant about having to take the test. This section consists of 20 paired questions that are the opposite of each other. Like fixed responding, this can be intentional or it can be due to not understanding the material or not being able to read it. This scale is designed to show changes in how a person responded in the first half of the test versus how they responded in the second half by using questions that most normal respondents didn't support.
High scores on this scale sometimes indicate that the respondent stopped paying attention and began answering questions randomly. It can also be due to over or underreporting, fixed responding, becoming tired, or being under severe stress. This scale helps detect intentional overreporting in people who have a mental health disorder of some sort or who were using random or fixed responding.
The "symptom validity" scale is used for people who are taking the test because they're claiming that they had a personal injury or disability. This scale can help establish the credibility of the test taker.
The "superlative self-presentation" scale was developed in to look for additional underreporting. A multiphasic personality schedule Minnesota : III. The measurement of symptomatic depression. Journal of Psychology This paper describes the development of Clinical Scale 2 Depression and includes clear description of the criterion group as well as item-level decisions by the test developers that are typically omitted in modern, retrospective accounts of this stage of the test history. An atlas for the clinical use of the MMPI.
This reference book presents short case histories with associated MMPI profiles, organized by codetypes. It is of historical and scholarly interest but does not provide practical information in the present context. McKinley, J. This article describes the development of Clinical Scale 7 Psychasthenia. The criterion group is easily seen from the description as individuals struggling with obsessive-compulsive symptomatology. The Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory.
Hysteria, hypomania and psychopathic deviate. This paper describes in now-familiar format the development of Clinical Scales 3 Hysteria , 4 Psychopathic Deviate , and 9 Hypomania. Again, detailed descriptions of the criterion groups are of historical and scholarly, if not practical, interest.
Welsh, G. Dahlstrom, eds. Basic readings on the MMPI in psychology and medicine. This collection includes sixty-six of the earliest articles on the MMPI, authored by forty-five different contributors. Users without a subscription are not able to see the full content on this page. Please subscribe or login. Oxford Bibliographies Online is available by subscription and perpetual access to institutions.
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